Washington D.C. – The Trump administration’s recent military strikes against vessels off the coast of South America have ignited a fierce constitutional debate, with critics in Congress and foreign leaders accusing the president of bypassing congressional authority to wage war.

Since early September, the U.S. military has conducted a series of lethal strikes in the Caribbean and Eastern Pacific, killing at least 43 people aboard vessels the administration alleges were operated by “narco-terrorist” organizations, including the Venezuelan Tren de Aragua gang.

The administration has justified the attacks as a necessary counter-drug and counter-terrorism operation. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth and President Trump have released videos of the strikes, stating the vessels were trafficking narcotics. Legally, the White House has reportedly relied on a theory that designates these cartels as foreign terrorist organizations, permitting the U.S. to engage in what it terms a “non-international armed conflict” under the president’s Article II commander-in-chief powers.

This justification has been forcefully rejected by critics, who argue the strikes constitute acts of war initiated without the constitutionally required approval from Congress.

Constitutional Powers in Question

The U.S. Constitution explicitly grants Congress the sole power “To declare War” in Article I, Section 8. The president, under Article II, serves as “Commander in Chief,” a power historically understood to mean directing the military once war has been authorized or to repel a sudden attack on the United States.

This division of power is at the heart of the current conflict. Critics, including more than two dozen Democratic senators, have sent letters to the White House stating there is “no legitimate legal justification” for the strikes. They argue that a counter-drug operation does not meet the criteria for a national emergency or imminent threat that would permit the president to bypass Congress.

Further complicating the legal landscape is the War Powers Resolution of 1973. That law requires the president to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to hostilities and forbids those forces from remaining for more than 60 days without congressional authorization. The administration has submitted reports under this resolution, but critics argue the initial strikes themselves were unconstitutional.

International Condemnation

The U.S. military action, which includes the deployment of an aircraft carrier strike group and thousands of personnel to the region, has drawn sharp condemnation from regional leaders.

Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro called the strikes an “immoral” and “bloody threat” and a “military attack on civilians.”

Colombian President Gustavo Petro was more direct, stating, “The attack on another boat in the Pacific… killed people. It is murder.” Legal experts quoted in The Washington Post have echoed these concerns, referring to the strikes as “extrajudicial killings” and questioning the administration’s claim that it can lawfully target civilian boats in international waters.

The debate centers on whether the president’s designation of cartels as “terrorists” provides a legal loophole to engage in military hostilities without a formal declaration of war or a specific Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) from Congress, similar to those that authorized conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. As the strikes continue, the confrontation between the White House and Congress over the fundamental power to take the nation to war is escalating.